Buying a used car from a private seller: what to check

Paperwork first

Ask to see the ownership or registration document and the seller's ID, and make sure the names match. Check that the VIN on the paperwork matches the VIN on the dashboard (visible through the windscreen) and on the driver's door frame.

In many countries you can buy a vehicle history report using the VIN. It can reveal reported accidents, odometer readings, salvage or flood titles and outstanding finance. Rules vary by country and province or state, so check what your local licensing office requires for a private transfer.

Walk around the car

Look at the car in daylight and on level ground:

• Panel gaps and paint colour that don't match may indicate accident repair.
• Rust on sills, wheel arches and under the doors.
• Tyre tread depth and uneven wear (a sign of alignment problems).
• All lights, wipers, windows and locks work.

Under the bonnet

Ideally see the engine cold: some problems only show at start-up. Check oil level and colour, coolant level, and look for leaks or fresh cleaning that might hide one. Listen for knocking or rattling when it starts.

The test drive

Drive at different speeds, including a stretch of highway if possible. Brakes should stop straight without pulling; steering should feel steady; gear changes should be smooth. Check that no warning lights stay on after start-up.

Get a professional opinion

For anything beyond a small amount of money, a pre-purchase inspection by an independent mechanic is usually worth it. A seller who refuses to let a mechanic look at the car is giving you useful information.

Paying and transferring

Complete the transfer paperwork together and keep a signed bill of sale with the date, price, VIN and both parties' details. Avoid carrying large amounts of cash; a bank draft or transfer completed at a bank branch is safer for both sides.